Gold, commodities, etc.

I’m just saying it’s more feasible than mirrors. Not that it’s actually feasible.

Would be cheaper just to launch the solar panels.

The previous version is already in the Temerario. This is more of an evolution of an existing design.

According to their last earnings, domestic margins were down due to decreased spending. International margins were up due to increased spending. They might be seeing further decrease in domestic spending coming into the holiday season.

lol he first said he directed Titanic.

The actual interview: https://media.defense.gov/2025/Sep/17/2003800984/-1/-1/0/CG-115_INTERVIEW-DEEP-SEA-EXPLORER_REDACTED.PDF

You don’t have to get very far to realize who it is.

Well you want some weight which is why I’m suggesting the whole car but sure if you want some custom solution you can build something better.

Hmm… this might be easier to do with an electric car. Put it on an inclined track, and then drive uphill to store energy, and go downhill to release the energy.

This depends on the country. Switzerland has excellent transit to even remote towns. And it has an excellent car culture for this reason as well.

I mean from what that study describes there might be some toxic properties at high-ish doses: the 60mg/kg/day showed no effects. That would mean 3.6g for a 60kg human sized rat taken orally, which is quite a lot to accidentally eat. I think the limit is 5% TPO in the nail products, so you’d have to be trying to ingest it.

But my original comment is that I don’t think there’s much relation with phosphine.

Chemically they’re not that similar. I wouldn’t draw the conclusion there’s any relation.

any system that communicates information is apparently a digital communications system, so long as you can imagine an arbitrary scheme to interpret at least one bit of information from the signal,

This has always been my point since the beginning! There exist very low bandwidth digital communication systems in real life, with less than one bit per second. The bandwidth available should be defined where something is digital or not.

regardless of whether that was the message intended to be communicated.

Seeing the bird in the spectrogram is quite intentional and sufficient to consider this a communications system.

It seems if instead of a bird picture, a random set of bits were encoded and then detected In the spectrogram, you’d consider this more of a digital system since instead of a human doing the check you use an algorithm?

If we’re being pedantic, shouldn’t we consider that it can be a one bit signal? Otherwise you should be specific about what bandwidth you’d consider digital.

I thought we were being pedantic here?

Yes, eventually a signal may degrade or be corrupted, but prior to that point the reproduction is literally and exactly perfect.

Modulation schemes are characterized via a probabilistic tolerance, so even when you are within the tolerances, you can get an incorrect value at some expected rate. Note that you can even define a modulation scheme with a high error rate and be ok with that.

That’s why I take issue with the concept of an exactly perfect reproduction. Usually there are layers above the digital modulation to handle these possibility to decrease the error rates even lower.

And no, I don’t consider the PNG to be the data carried. I think the way the author does the bandwidth calculations is incorrect.

The bird drawing is just a proxy for arbitrary data. In your example, you could convert bitstream into a pattern of black and white squares into a YouTube Video. Send it through the VHS channel, and when you digitize it, you would get back the exact bitstream.

If your argument is that the bandwidth calculation is incorrect, then sure I think that’s fair.

But I don’t think it’s correct to say it’s not a digital channel juts because it doesn’t have optimal bandwidth.

The entire point is that the modulated signal can be reconstructed exactly,

But this isn’t true. Just because a signal is modulated doesn’t mean it can’t be distorted.

A spectrogram is just showing that arbitrary data can be sent though this channel. It’s literally a form of modulation.

My point is that it doesn’t have to be optimal to be considered digital. Which in the general case means basically any communication channel can be digital.

If the argument is that they didn’t correctly calculate the bandwidth, then sure.

Why couldn’t you have a likelihood function for the bird?

As a trivial case, you can just say: Does the spectrum look like a bird? Then you’d have a digital channel by your definition for a single bit.

The actual channel bandwidth is obviously higher than that.

• Played through a DAC and speaker to produce an analogue signal (lossy)

• Analogue modulation of bit stream played through DAC (lossy)

These steps are literally the same thing. You’re converting some data into sound for the bird to hear.

Edit: Actually, most physical modulation schemes use sinusoids anyways. So that’s exactly the same as playing a spectrum.